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Massachusetts Institute of Technology Summary: Using ultrasound waves, engineers have found a way to enhance the permeability of skin to drugs, making transdermal drug delivery more efficient. This technology could pave the way for noninvasive drug delivery or needle-free vaccinations, according to the researchers.

Halloween is right around the corner and soon it will be time to put together all the important parts of your costume. This includes the near-final step — makeup! With so many things to think about and arrange before revealing your makeup for Halloween, have you ever even considered the safety of Halloween makeup?

Ultrasound -- sound waves with frequencies greater than the upper limit of human hearing -- can increase skin permeability by lightly wearing away the top layer of the skin, an effect that is transient and pain-free. In a paper appearing in the Journal of Controlled Release, the research team found that applying two separate beams of ultrasound waves -- one of low frequency and one of high frequency -- can uniformly boost permeability across a region of skin more rapidly than using a single beam of ultrasound waves.

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Senior authors of the paper are Daniel Blankschtein, the Herman P. Other authors include Baris Polat, one of the lead authors and a former doctoral student in the Blankschtein and Langer groups, and Douglas Hart, a professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. Two frequencies are better than one When ultrasound waves travel through a fluid, they create tiny bubbles that move chaotically. Once the bubbles reach a certain size, they become unstable and implode.

Surrounding fluid rushes into the empty space, generating high-speed "microjets" of fluid that create microscopic abrasions on the skin.

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In this case, the fluid could be water or a liquid containing the drug to be delivered. However, those systems usually produce abrasions in scattered, random spots across the treated area. In the new study, the MIT team found that combining high and low frequencies offers better results. The high-frequency ultrasound waves generate additional bubbles, which are popped by the low-frequency waves.

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The high-frequency ultrasound waves also limit the lateral movement of the bubbles, keeping them contained in the desired treatment area and creating more uniform abrasion, Schoellhammer says. The researchers tested their new approach using pig skin and found that it boosted permeability much more than a single-frequency system.

First, they delivered the ultrasound waves, then applied either glucose or inulin a carbohydrate to the treated skin.

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Glucose was absorbed 10 times better, and inulin four times better. Noninvasive drug delivery Such a system could be used to deliver any type of drug that is currently given by capsule, potentially increasing the dosage that can be administered.

It could also be used to deliver drugs for skin conditions such as acne or psoriasis, or to enhance the psoriasis black skin treatment of transdermal patches already in use, such as nicotine patches. Following ultrasound treatment, improved permeability can last up to 24 hours, allowing for delivery of insulin or other drugs over an extended period of time. Such devices also hold potential for administering vaccines, according to the researchers.

It has already been shown that injections into the skin can induce the type of immune response necessary for immunization, so vaccination by skin patch could be a needle-free, pain-free way to deliver vaccines. This would be especially beneficial in developing countries, since the training required to administer such patches would be less intensive than that needed to give injections.

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The Blankschtein and Langer groups are now pursuing this line of research. They are also working on a prototype for a handheld ultrasound device, and on ways to boost skin permeability even more. Safety tests in animals would be needed before human tests can begin. The U. Food and Drug Administration has previously approved single-frequency ultrasound transdermal systems based on Psoriasis black skin treatment and Blankschtein's work, so the researchers are hopeful that the improved system will also pass the safety tests.

How Skin-Safe is Your Halloween Makeup?

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference: Carl M. Schoellhammer, Baris Vörös foltok a bőrön kollagén. Hart, Robert Langer, Daniel Blankschtein.

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Rapid skin permeabilization by the simultaneous application of dual-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound.